Vanadium (V)

Element 23 · transition metal · group 5, period 4

Electron shells, 2 + 8 + 11 + 2. The outer shell is highlighted - it is the only one that takes part in bonding.

Vanadium is element 23, a transition metal in group 5 and period 4. Its electron configuration is [Ar] 3d3 4s2. The shells fill 2, 8, 11, 2. Courses differ here. Counting only the outer s subshell gives 2; counting the inner d subshell with it gives 5, which is the group number. It commonly forms ions with a charge of +5, +4, +3, +2.

23 protons
2/5 valence e−
+5, +4, +3, +2
d-block

Properties

Atomic number	23
Symbol	V
Standard atomic weight	50.942 u
Group	5
Period	4
Block	d-block
Category	transition metal
Electron configuration	1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d³ 4s²
Noble-gas notation	[Ar] 3d³ 4s²
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 11, 2
Valence electrons	2 or 5
Common ionic charge	+5, +4, +3, +2
Electronegativity (Pauling)	1.63
Protons / electrons	23 / 23

Electron configuration of vanadium

Orbitals fill from the lowest energy upward. Writing that out for vanadium gives 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 3d³ 4s², which is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2 in plain text.

Everything up to Ar is the same as in that noble gas, so it is usually abbreviated to [Ar] 3d³ 4s². The part outside the bracket is what does the chemistry.

Subshell	Electrons	Capacity
1s	2	2
2s	2	2
2p	6	6
3s	2	2
3p	6	6
3d	3	10
4s	2	2

Vanadium ion charge

Vanadium commonly forms ions with a charge of +5, +4, +3, +2.

Common questions

How many valence electrons does vanadium have?

There is no single agreed answer for vanadium. Courses differ here. Counting only the outer s subshell gives 2; counting the inner d subshell with it gives 5, which is the group number. Check which convention your course uses before answering.

What is the electron configuration of vanadium?

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d3 4s2, or [Ar] 3d3 4s2 written from the previous noble gas. Orbitals fill lowest energy first.

What is the charge of vanadium?

Vanadium commonly forms ions with a charge of +5, +4, +3, +2. Transition metals have several accessible oxidation states, which is why more than one charge is listed.

How many protons, electrons and neutrons does vanadium have?

A neutral vanadium atom has 23 protons and 23 electrons. Its standard atomic weight is 50.942, so the most common isotope has about 28 neutrons.

See the ionic charge of every element →

How this page was produced. The configuration was built by filling orbitals in energy order from atomic number 23 alone, not looked up. The shell counts, the valence count and the charge all follow from it. Nothing on this page is written per element.